its insistence on works righteousness. The Pelagian and Semi-Pelagian errors had been condemned in the sixth century at the councils of Orange (529) and Valence (529); nevertheless, they became the popular theological viewpoints in Rome. Thus, most medieval teachers maintained that God willed the salvation of all men, not merely of the elect. Rome increasingly taught that the doctrine of predestination was based on foresight and abandoned any strict Augustinian doctrine of salvation.52 But during
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